Despite the severe psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, some individuals do not develop high levels of psychological distress and can be termed resilient. Using the ecological resilience model, we examined factors promoting or hindering resilience in the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the 1034 participants (49.916.2 years; females 51.2%) from Italian general population, 70% displayed resilient outcomes and 30% reported moderate-severe anxiety and/or depression. A binary regression model revealed that factors promoting resilience were mostly psychological (e.g., trait resilience, conscientiousness) together with social distancing. Conversely, factors hindering resilience included COVID-19-anxiety, COVID-19-related PTSD symptoms, intolerance of uncertainty, loneliness, living with children, higher education, and living in regions where the virus was starting to spread. In conclusion, the ecological resilience model in the COVID-19 pandemic explained 64% of the variance and identified factors promoting or hindering resilient outcomes. Critically, these findings can inform psychological interventions supporting individuals by strengthening factors associated with resilience.
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Participants were recruited by the survey company Qualtrics with stratified quota sampling to ensure that the socio-demographic characteristics of each regional population (age, gender, household income) were maintained. Participants were eligible to take part if they lived in one of the four selected Italian regions and if they were at least 18 years old. They were excluded if completion time was too fast ( three days). The median completion time of the online survey was 41 minutes. For this paper, 4 participants were excluded because they did not complete all the relevant parts of the survey. A total of 1034 participants were included (529 females, 51%), the overall mean age was 49.9 (SD = 16.2 years). In line with the distribution of the population, most of participants lived in Lombardia (n = 390), followed by Lazio (N = 232), Campania (N = 226), and Veneto (N = 186), thus they were distributed among northern (55.71%) and southern regions (44.29%). Regarding education, a minority had only elementary or some secondary education (8.32%), nearly half had completed high school (50.87%) with a further 40.81% having attained a higher level of education. Married participants comprised 58.12% (N = 601) whereas never married participants comprised 26.60% of the sample (N = 275). Table 1 shows the characteristics of the sample. All respondents were informed about the aims of the study, conducted in agreement with the Code of Ethics of the Italian Association of Psychology [31], and provided informed consent.
All the 1034 participants had lived through the pandemic and associated general stressors. Almost half of the sample (n = 467, 45.2%) were exposed to COVID-19 specific stressors, namely had symptoms and were tested for COVID-19 (13.6%), had been in self-isolation (15.1%), tested positive to COVID-19 (1.35%), knew someone close who was infected (23.3%), and/or lost someone because of COVID-19 (14.5%). Thus, the other half of the sample (n = 567, 54.8%) were not directly exposed to these COVID-19 stressors. 2ff7e9595c
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